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These parasites are bacteria (mycoplasms) that attach themselves to the red blood cell membranes of their host, feeding and reproducing until the host's immune system sees them and begins destroying red blood cells in an attempt to remove them. Mycoplasmas are different from other bacteria because they do not have a cell wall surrounding and protecting their microscopic bodies. They cannot be cultured in the lab like most bacteria because they require living hosts. A cat becomes infected from a bite from an infected flea and soon the cat’s red blood cells are covered with free-loading mycoplasma organisms. The cat’s immune system eventually detects foreign proteins on red blood cells and begins to mount an attack in the form of antibodies which bind to the mycoplasma organism as a coating, which serves to mark the infected red blood cell for removal and destruction. The problem is that if many red blood cells are parasitized, then so many red blood cells are destroyed that the cat becomes anemic. The infected sick cat is pale, sometimes even jaundiced, and weak. Anemic cats often eat dirt or litter in an attempt to consume iron. An infected cat may have a fever. The initial blood tests show not just red cell loss but a responsive bone marrow (the source of new red blood cells), which means that the cat's body knows it is losing red cells and is trying to make more as quickly as possible to keep up. Cats with concurrent feline leukemia virus infection tend to have more severe anemia as the virus does not permit the bone marrow to respond. When a cat is newly infected, it can take up to one month before there are adequate numbers of parasites to actually make the cat sick. Mortality is highest during the month following this initial stage. If the cat recovers, it becomes a permanent carrier, though stress can re-activate the infection. The cats at highest risk are those that roam outside in the spring and summer (obviously these cats have the highest risk for flea infestation). Cats that are statistically likely to be infected are male cats younger than 4 to 6 years of age, have a history of cat fights, and have incomplete vaccination histories (in short, cats with somewhat casual care, most likely including casual flea control). Infection with the feline leukemia virus is also a factor in diagnosis. An abnormal immune system is absolutely not a necessity; normal cats are infected as well. Blood sucking parasites such as fleas, ticks, lice, and mosquitoes are the leading candidates for spread of the organism. This makes flea control paramount in protection. If hemotropic mycoplasma infection is suspected, initiating treatment is probably a good idea as treatment is much easier than diagnosis. All mycoplasma infections are susceptible to tetracycline. Killing the mycoplasma is only part of the therapy, however; it is the host's own immune system that removes the red blood cells and this must be stopped. Prednisone or similar steroid hormone is typically used to suppress this part of the immune system so that the red blood cells are not removed as quickly. Very sick cats will probably require blood transfusions to get through the brunt of the infection. Happily, prognosis is fair if the diagnosis is made in time, as cats generally respond well and quickly to treatment.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Any involuntary behavior that occurs abnormally may represent a seizure. Seizures are classified as: ● Generalized (Grand Mal) Seizures - This is the most common form of seizure in small animals. The entire body can be stiff and/or undergo contractions. The animal loses consciousness and may urinate or defecate. ● Partial Seizures - This form of seizure originates from some specific area in the brain and thus involves the activity of a specific region of the body. Partial seizures may progress to involve the whole body. ● Psychomotor Seizures - This type of seizure is predominantly behavioral with the animal involuntarily howling, snapping, circling, etc. The abnormal behavior may be followed by a generalized seizure. Seizures (neurological events) are often difficult to differentiate from fainting spells (cardiovascular events). Classically, true seizures are preceded by an aura, or a special feeling associated with a coming seizure. As animals cannot speak, we usually don’t notice any changes associated with the aura. The seizure is typically followed by a post-ictal (post seizure) period during which the animal appears disoriented, even blind. This period may last only a few minutes or may last several hours. [Fainting animals are usually up and normal within seconds after the spell.] Seizures may be caused by situations within the brain (such as trauma, tumor, or infection) or by situations centered outside the brain (such as low blood sugar, circulating metabolic toxins, hypothyroidism, or external poisons). The first step is to rule out situations centered outside the brain, accomplished with blood testing. An ophthalmic exam may also be performed as the retina may show signs of a brain infection. If these tests are negative, the next step is determined by the age of the pet. ● Animals less than One Year old - Seizures are usually caused by infections of the brain. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, obtained by a tap under anesthesia, would be important. ● Animals between Ages 1 and 5 Usually no cause can be found and the term epilepsy, which simply means seizure disorder, is applied. If seizures are occurring frequently enough, medication is used to suppress them. Schnauzers, Basset hounds, Collies, and Cocker spaniels have epilepsy two to three times as often as other breeds. ● Animals over 5 Years old - Seizures are usually caused by a tumor growing off the skull and pressing on the brain (a meningioma). Most such tumors are operable if found early. A CT scan or MRI would be the next step. For patients where surgery is not an option, corticosteroids may be used to reduce swelling in the brain. Treatment to suppress seizures may also be needed.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Tapeworms are long, flat worms that attach themselves to your dog’s or cat’s intestines. A tapeworm body consists of multiple parts, or segments, each with its own reproductive organs. Tapeworm infections are usually diagnosed by finding segments, which appear as small white worms that may look like grains of rice or seeds, on the rear end of your dog, in your dog’s feces, or where your dog lives and sleeps. Dogs with tapeworm infections usually are not sick and do not lose weight from the worms. Contrary to popular belief, dogs that “scoot” on their rear ends are generally doing it for reasons other than having tapeworms, such as blocked or irritated anal sacs or other skin inflammation of the rear. To prevent your dog from getting tapeworms, try to keep your dog from coming in contact with intermediate hosts (fleas and small rodents) that contain tapeworm larvae. Consistent, safe, and effective flea control is an essential prevention measure against the most common kind of tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum. Keeping your dog from eating prey animals is also important. Certain tapeworms found in dogs or cats may cause serious disease in humans. Fortunately, these tapeworms (Echinococcus species) are uncommon in the United States and are readily treated by prescriptions available from your veterinarian. If you think your dog may have tapeworms, your veterinarian can test for them, and will have save and effective treatment options.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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High Blood Pressure in our Pets
It is important to differentiate incontinence (involuntary urine leakage) from behavioral urinary issues (submissive urination), simple lack of High blood pressure is an extremely important concern in human medicine but our pets can get it as well, especially in age. Problems from high blood pressure arise when a blood vessel gets too small for the high pressure flow going through it and bleeding results. Since the affected vessels are small, the bleeding may not be noticeable but a lot of little bleeds and a lot of blood vessel destruction can create big problems over time. The retina of the eye is especially at risk, with either sudden or gradual blindness often being the first sign of latent high blood pressure. The kidney also is a target as it relies on tiny vessels to filter toxins from the bloodstream. Kidney disease is an important cause of high blood pressure and also progresses far more rapidly in the presence of high blood pressure. High blood pressure also increases the risk of embolism: tiny blood clots that form when blood flow is abnormal. These clots can lodge in an assortment of inopportune locations including the brain. There are numerous diseases in pets that are associated with high blood pressure: * Chronic renal (kidney) failure * Hyperthyroidism * Glomerular disease (protein is lost in urine) * Cushing's disease (an adrenal cortisone excess) * Diabetes mellitus (inability to properly reduce blood sugar) * Acromegaly (growth hormone excess) * Polycythemia (an excess in red blood cells) * Pheochromocytoma (an adrenaline secreting tumor of the adrenal gland) Blood pressure measurement is performed similarly to the way it is in humans. An inflatable cuff is fit snuggly around the pet’s foot or foreleg or the base of the tail. The cuff is inflated so as to occlude blood flow through the superficial artery. Instead of a stethoscope, an ultrasonic probe is held over the artery. The sound of the systolic pressure is converted into an audible signal. In pets, this measurement should not exceed 160. A reading of 180 is considered to indicate high risk for organ damage. At least five measurements are taken so that the pet becomes accustomed to the process and understands that no pain is involved. In humans, high blood pressure is frequently considered “primary,” meaning there is no underlying disease causing it. In animals, primary hypertension is unusual; there is almost always another disease causing it and if routine screening does not identify the problem, more tests may be in order. When hypertension is identified, it may be that controlling the underlying disease totally reverses the hypertension (especially true for hyperthyroid cats). As with people, medication to actually lower blood pressure is often in order. This typically involves some type of pill that dilates peripheral blood vessels, effectively making them larger so as to accommodate the high pressure blood flow going through them. Hypertensive patients should be rechecked every 2 to 4 months to keep their blood pressure in a healthy range.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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It is important to differentiate incontinence (involuntary urine leakage) from behavioral urinary issues (submissive urination), simple lack of housetraining, territorial marking of anxious cats or of unneutered males, or the senile loss of house-training from canine cognitive dysfunction. Animals may urinate in the house voluntarily and this is different from incontinence. Watch your pet closely to be sure what you are seeing is really incontinence and if it is, the good news is that most cases are easily resolved with simple inexpensive medications. There are several important causes of incontinence and most of these are ruled in or out with a urinalysis and urine culture. Most cases of incontinence are due to: * Infection of the urinary tract (usually bladder infection) * Excessive consumption of water * Weak bladder sphincter (especially common in female dogs) * Spinal cord disease. If a bladder infection is the cause of incontinence, most patients show improvement in their incontinence and comfort after only a few doses of antibiotics (but it is still important to finish the entire course so as to avoid recurrence). Some animals drink so much water that their bladders simply overflow too easily. Causes of excessive water consumption include: diabetes mellitus, Cushing's Syndrome, hyperthyroidism (cats), bladder infection, diabetes insipidus, and kidney failure. There are other causes as well but 90% are ruled in or out by a blood panel and urine culture. Aging, obesity, reduced sensitivity of neurologic receptors in the sphincter and possibly other factors all contribute to weak bladder sphincter which is especially common (up to one in five affected) in female dogs. Once other more serious conditions have been ruled out, the weak sphincter may be treated symptomatically with one of several medications such as phenylpropanolamine (PPA), anticholinergics, estrogens (DES), and gonadotropin releasing hormone. Medication works for most patients with weak sphincters but when medication fails there are some surgical options to consider. Collagen injections of the urethra is the newest therapy but requires cystoscopy. The list of causes of incontinence is by no means exhaustive. While uncommon, other causes should not be entirely counted out. Some possible causes include ectopic ureter and spinal damage. When all else fails, diapers are available from a number of companies and are available in both male and female styles.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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An umbilical hernia is a condition in which abdominal contents (fat, intestines, etc.) protrude past the abdominal wall at the location where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus. Congenital umbilical hernias are more common in puppies than in kittens. The umbilicus, or belly button, is where the umbilical cord attaches when the puppy or kitten is in the womb. The umbilical cord carries nutrition and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the mother. Normally, after the puppy or kitten is born, the cord breaks, and the connection at the umbilicus closes up. An umbilical hernia occurs when the hole doesn’t close correctly. When this happens, skin is the only barrier between the abdominal organs and the environment. Umbilical hernias are diagnosed on physical examination. Small hernias do not usually cause any problems, and are often left untreated. Large hernias should be repaired surgically, because there is a risk that the abdominal contents inside the hernia sac could become damaged or strangulated. Strangulation of intestinal loops can cause blood flow restriction to the intestine, intestinal blockage, etc. Strangulated hernias can become life-threatening; signs can include a large, warm hernia sac, vomiting, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, and depression. As long as the hernia isn’t causing problems for the puppy/kitten, the herniorrhaphy (hernia repair surgery) can be delayed until the scheduled ovariohysterectomy or neuter. However, if strangulation occurs, the surgery becomes an emergency procedure. The exact cause of congenital umbilical hernias is unknown, but it is generally thought to be a hereditary condition.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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A young Boxer was topically treated with a ‘natural’ product (contained tea tree oil) marketed for flea control but had a sudden onset of severe muscle weakness… Tea tree oil, or melaleuca oil, is derived from the leaves of the Australia tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). The oil contains cyclic terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and hydrocarbons. These compounds are lipophilic and are readily absorbed through the skin and into the subcutaneous fat. They are taken up by the blood stream and distributed throughout the body. According to National Animal Poison Control Center, the use of tea tree oil in dogs has been associated with hypothermia (low body temperature), muscle weakness, ataxia, tremors, altered behavior and paralysis. Cats are also sensitive to the tea tree oil compounds. Clinical signs usually occur within 2-8 hours from the time of exposure. Most of the signs are reversible. Depending on the dose it may take 12-72 hours for them to resolve. Liver enzymes may become elevated but they also appear to be reversible. Veterinary recommendations for treatment of tea tree oil toxicity include: 1. Bathing with a mild shampoo or detergent such as Dawn™ 2. Activated charcoal with sorbital for oral exposures and if the animal might have groomed and ingested a topically applied product 3. IV fluids 4. Heat support as needed The Boxer was treated as indicated and recovered full muscle strength within 24 hours.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Q: My dog has been diagnosed with cancer, and I heard there is may be a special diet that can help. A: There is evidence that animals with lymphoma, and probably other cancers, can benefit from foods containing relatively low amounts of simple carbohydrates, moderate amounts of good-quality proteins, soluble and insoluble fiber, and moderate amounts of fats. Many cancer cells cannot use fat as an energy source, unlike host cells. Cancer cachexia is a result of both fat and lean body mass loss, so fat should be a significant proportion of the dietary energy. These diets help to reduce or eliminate some of the weight loss and muscle atrophy that occurs in dogs with cancer improving their quality and length of life for some dogs. I have used a diet of 50% poultry or fish and 50% mixed nonstarchy vegetables for dogs, and 80% poultry and 20% mixed nonstarchy vegetables for cats. These diets are supplemented with high levels of fish oil as the fat source, calcium, and a vitamin mineral supplement. What we don't know is whether that type of diet can help with other types of cancer and whether it is effective only at specific stages of the disease. An oncologist or veterinary nutritionist may take into account factors such as where the cancer occurs or the dog's previous health history when making recommendations for a dog with cancer. For instance, if the cancer is targeting a specific organ, such as the kidneys, a diet designed for dogs with kidney disease may be the best choice. A dog that has a history of pancreatitis may not do well with a diet that is low in carbohydrates. Certain supplements can also have consequences, positive or negative, in dogs with cancer, depending on the circumstances. Antioxidant vitamins such as E, C and beta-carotene are normally beneficial, but they shouldn't be given to dogs undergoing radiation therapy because they can interfere with the effectiveness of the treatment by preventing the radiation from killing the cancer cells. It is most important for a dog with cancer is to continue to eat well, especially if he is undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments. The ability to take in nutrients and maintain a healthy weight is a big part of a dog's ability to fight cancer effectively. You, your dog's oncologist and a veterinary nutritionist should work together to design the best diet and supplement plan for your dog. Always follow your veterinarian’s advice on a cancer diet. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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With advances in traditional and complimentary care, pharmaceutical options and holistic treatments, like acupuncture to manage arthritis and pain, pets can thrive well into their later years. Because pets are living longer, in some cases 20% longer, the chance of serious illness and the unavoidable issues related to advanced age also increase. There are situations when it's best to make the choice to euthanize a pet, but it's not always necessary, or standard. In many instances, a pet can be allowed to die naturally and quite peacefully, if given time to do so. There's no disputing that pethood carries its share of guilt and wrestling with our own issues as humans as far as how much time we spend with them, tending to their needs. Add in when the twilight leg of their journey arrives - the age-related issues that our pets experience: poor dentition, diminished vision, hearing loss, challenges with mobility - and the pangs that pet owners experience grow exponentially. When a terminal illness or when a companion animal is entering into his final transition because of advanced age, it makes for a difficult leg of the journey. For many, the process of hospice care has become a viable solution to aid families in seeing the beloved four-legged members of their family through a stage of their life that can be managed with good results. While certainly not a replacement for euthanasia, the goal of hospice care in pets is to bring a level of comfort that wouldn't be otherwise be possible, in a safe, loving and intimate environment - their own home. Veterinary hospice focuses on maintaining close physical contact and emotional connectivity between pet and human, and managing pain in a pre-emptive way to keep pain and discomfort associated with end-of-life issues from becoming a problem before it starts. Veterinary hospice also allows the family to be more integrated in the well-being of the pet, to be better able to care for them. The family is the main source of day-to-day care, including monitoring their animals' condition, administering medication and more. This approach requires the humans in the pets' life to be truly involved, to be the pets' advocate - the eyes and ears, so to speak - so that they can dialogue effectively with their veterinarian. This includes being in tune with the pet to gauge their well-being and to recognize signs of distress, including pain. The pet’s quality of life is paramount, so when choosing hospice for a pet, (when considering any end-of-life issue) it also means understanding that a "bottom line" must be established before a time comes if and when the decision needs to be made to euthanize. In doing so, one can have a mental grasp on as to what is acceptable in their mind with regard to their pets' quality of life, knowing that they have made the right choice with a clear head. Some pets can become disoriented, unmanageably incontinent, or pain can get to a level that cannot be managed effectively. Some pets become behaviorally unsafe. In these cases, hospice is utilized as an affirming, compassionate bridge to the end point of the process, euthanasia. Hospice is not a good option for every pet, however. A lot of folks work long hours, and they might not be ready emotionally, or be physically able to manage the task, especially if they have a large breed dog, for example. Family dynamics are certainly a consideration, too. All of these reasons are quite valid. The thought of a pet dying is not easy for any owner to manage. Death is as much a part of our pets' life as is ours, and handling it with as much dignity as possible is key. Both euthanasia and hospice are tools in achieving that. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Lymphoma, also called lymphosarcoma, is a highly malignant tumor of the lymph system. It is the most common form of cancer in both humans and small animals. The lymph system is represented by a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes through which foreign proteins and disease organisms are circulated. Lymphocytes are the primary cells of the lymph system. The lymph vessels serve as a circulatory path for lymphocytes in addition to serving as a collection system directing foreign substances toward the lymph nodes. Lymph vessels interface with the blood stream at several areas allowing lymphocytes greater area to patrol. Cancer occurs when a normal cell “goes wrong.” Its normal regulatory processes disengage and it begins to divide quickly and without control. When lymphocytes become cancerous within a lymph node, the node swells and hardens. Malignant lymphocytes readily travel through the lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes. Soon all the nodes are enlarged. Ultimately, the bone marrow (where most blood cells are formed) is affected, the immune system is destroyed, and severe anemia and weakness claim the victim's life. Without treatment, animals with lymphoma are expected to live 4-8 weeks from the time of diagnosis. Most patients (especially dogs) are not feeling particularly sick at the time of diagnosis. It may be tempting to hold off on treatment until the pet seems more ill. Waiting can drastically reduce the chance for long term survival; better remission quality is obtained if the patient is treated while he/she still feels healthy. Remission is the state in which tumor symptoms have been abated and the patient is as comfortable as and indistinguishable from any normal animal. Prolonged remission is the goal of cancer therapy which, for most lymphoma cases, means chemotherapy. For any patient, there is an approximately 75% chance of achieving remission regardless of protocol used. This means that there is an excellent chance of reducing the tumor to undetectable levels. How long a remission lasts depends on what protocol is used and a number of other factors. Cure is the permanent removal of all traces of tumor such that no further treatment is needed. In effect, it is a permanent state of remission. While this is a possibility for your pet, it is more constructive and realistic to focus on increasing quality lifetime. Treatment may be thought of as an exchange of only a short time with your pet for a long time with your pet. It is important to keep goals in proper perspective through the treatment of this cancer. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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We've all heard of breast cancer in women especially with approximately one woman in eight or nine falling victim to this form of cancer. What many pet owners do not know is that the incidence of mammary tumor development in dogs is higher yet with one in four unspayed female dogs affected. But like breast cancer in women, early detection can save a dog’s life. Dogs that are not spayed are at least 4 times more likely to get mammary tumors. A female dog spayed before she comes into her first heat cycle has only a 0.5% chance of developing one. Since most female dogs come into heat the first time before age one and breeding an immature female dog is not recommended, this means one must generally choose between a litter of puppies or mammary cancer prevention. Because mammary tumors are promoted by female hormones, spaying at any age is helpful in tumor prevention. Just because a female dog is in the high-risk group doesn't mean it is too late to reap benefit from spaying. If your dog is unspayed, was known to have had puppies, or was spayed in adulthood, she fits into the high-risk group for mammary cancer development. The good news is that approximately 50% of the tumors formed by female dogs are benign. In general, approximately 50% of malignant mammary tumors will have already spread by the time of surgery. This, of course, means that the other 50% are locally confined and surgery is curative. Needle aspirate may be a helpful pre-operative procedure in many cases, but it should be understood that biopsy is ultimately what is necessary to determine the extent of disease. The biopsy sample will not only identify the tumor type, it will also indicate whether or not the tumor was completely removed (so called clean or dirty margins). If the tumor was not completely removed, one may wish to consider a second surgery to remove more tissue. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and anti-estrogen therapy have been used for incompletely removed tumors. Sometimes it is most appropriate to monitor for recurrence with periodic chest radiographs. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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While a lot can be said for a purebred’s beauty and grace, mixed-breeds are often healthier overall with fewer temperamental problems. This desirable tendency results from breeding within a larger genetic pool where there are fewer chances for unfavorable genes to overlap. The only real disadvantage of the lovable mutt is not knowing what kind of dog it really is. A dog DNA test can answer this question by revealing their ancestry. Dog DNA tests either use a cheek swab or require a blood sample, both of which reportedly have a success rate of about 90%. While all tests analyze canine DNA, they aren't all equal. One DNA test might be able to identify more breeds in a sample than another depending on how many breeds the test is capable of recognizing. Therefore, the difference in price of testing typically relates to how many AKC-recognized breeds the test is capable of identifying. One potential drawback of the cheek swab is that it can fail to collect enough DNA material to yield results and might need to be repeated. While most labs won’t charge for re-testing a new swab, results will be delayed by several weeks. A DNA test requiring a blood sample will mean a trip to the veterinarian. Kits include everything needed to sample and submit it, along with prepaid postal packaging. Getting a dog DNA test for your mutt will not only satisfy your curiosity, it can help you to better understand the dog's temperament and needs. Dog DNA analysis also aids veterinarians in identifying potential health problems associated with certain breeds. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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BAD WEATHER? EXERCISE HIS MIND
There has been a lot of media coverage lately on pet food recalls due to possible or confirmed Salmonella contamination.
Winter weather tends to keep us all indoors, especially those of us
who are weather wimps. But, for those dogs who enjoy the outdoors
regardless of the temperature and hazardous conditions, they just don’t
understand why they can’t go to the dog park. If they are going to
exercise, the owners must be involved. Every trick, whether useful or just plain fun, was born on a gloomy winter afternoon. Teaching dogs new tricks, such as balancing a dog biscuit on the nose, then flip it into the air and catch it on command, barking on request, shaking hands, or finding their toys and putting them in a basket. Search games, where a toy is hidden and then asked to find it can keep a dog occupied for hours and they just light up with pride at their accomplishment when they find the toy. Such games are to dogs what the daily crossword puzzle or the latest computer game is to us. Dogs have to think, they have to learn, and when they get it right, their sense of accomplishment and joy is palpable and contagious.
And as pleasurable as these games are, with plenty of praise for a
job done right, they also reinforce a dog's place in the pack structure
we humans call "family." ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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There has been a lot of media coverage lately on pet food recalls due to possible or confirmed Salmonella contamination. No pet food is immune from the possibility of Salmonella contamination. There is evidence that feeding raw foods, such as raw meat and eggs, increases the risk of Salmonella infection and shedding of the bacteria leading to possible infection of other animals and of people. Because pet foods and treats contain animal-origin products, they are at risk of contamination with Salmonella, E. coli, and other organisms. In general, these products are cooked to temperatures that will kill these organisms – however, if a contaminated additive (a flavoring, for example) is added to the food after cooking or if the food comes in contact with contaminated materials, the food will be contaminated. Salmonella infection, like many other food-borne infections, usually occurs after the bacteria are ingested – this can occur by eating or drinking contaminated products, or by coming in contact with contaminated products and then touching your mouth, face or food. The organism enters your gastrointestinal tract and causes disease. Pets with Salmonella infections may be lethargic and have diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. Some pets will have a decreased appetite, fever and abdominal pain. Not all pets carrying Salmonella will appear sick. Apparently well but infected animals can be carriers and may infect other animals or humans, particularly through exposure to their feces. If your pet has consumed the recalled product and has these signs, please contact your veterinarian. People infected with Salmonella often develop diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after infection. If you have any of these symptoms, contact your physician. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Prebiotics / ProbioticS
What it's in: Xylitol is a common sugar-substitute used in sugar-free chewing gum, breath mints, candies, and baked goods. It’s also found in some smoking-cessation products like nicotine gum. Xylitol can be purchased in bulk for cooking It is almost always a good idea to add supplemental Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, or other probiotic organisms to your dog’s diet. This will support the resident microflora that are always present in the gut, enhancing digestion and absorption of nutrients, supporting detoxification and elimination processes, and helping to boost the immune system. The digestive system is the largest immune organ of the body; roughly 70 percent of the body’s immune cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and other immune warriors reside in the mucosal linings of the intestinal tract. Probiotics work in concert with these immune warriors by producing special enzymes and other chemicals that support immune functions at many levels. Probiotics will also help keep populations of “bad guy” pathogens, like Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, in check. While Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus represent some of the frequently encountered residents in the canine gut, not all dogs are host to the same mix. In fact, studies have shown that each individual dog hosts its own, custom mix of these and several other digestive bacteria – and the actual counts of each strain can vary considerably from dog to dog. It is theorized that this is because microflora are constantly evolving and adapting to the nature of the beast they inhabit. Health issues, eating habits, influences such as antibiotic therapies – or even something that was eaten while at the dog park – can affect the way beneficial microbes behave and replicate, or help determine which ones take up residence in the gut. This makes it virtually impossible to create a perfect probiotic supplement, as none can totally serve the needs of every dog’s microflora. If the probiotic you feed to your dog isn’t diverse enough to replace and support what is already living there, what other supplements can be added to a healthy diet to maintain healthy digestive flora? Maybe a prebiotic supplement. In the simplest terms, prebiotics are food for resident microflora. They are defined as indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of one or a limited number of bacterial species in the colon – specifically those which have the potential to improve host health, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. A scant, daily dose will provide the resident beneficial bacteria with the food they need to flourish. Prebiotics are a class of carbohydrates known as oligosaccharides – soluble carbohydrates that are naturally found in many foods, including whole grains, onions, bananas, garlic, honey, leeks, and Jerusalem artichokes. In the world of herbs, burdock root, dandelion root, and chicory root are rich sources, too. Oligosaccharides differ from other types carbohydrates (sugars) in that they are indigestible in the stomach and small intestine. Instead of being broken down by acids, enzymes, and other digestive chemicals in the upper GI tract, they remain intact until they reach the large intestine, where they are finally broken down and fermented by resident microflora resulting in stimulation of the growth and/or activity of bifidobacteria and other beneficial bacteria that dogs need to properly digest their food and metabolize waste. Remarkably, prebiotics are selective about what is actually fed – good bacteria flourish, while growth of “bad” pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Peptidococci, and Clostridia is inhibited. Studies have shown that when bifidobacteria (good guy) counts increase, acid levels in the gut also increase, making the environment less hospitable to harmful strains of yeast (Candida, etc.) and pathogenic bacteria. In the colon, prebiotics may also raise levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can help protect against carcinogenesis, inflammatory bowel disease, and even some forms of chronic allergy. Many pet food and supplement manufacturers are now adding prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) to their formulas to improve the digestibility of food ingredients. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are plant sugars that occur in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and cereals. They are produced commercially by partial hydrolysis of chicory inulin (an oligosaccharide found in chicory root), or from sucrose (sugar) using an enzymatic process. In addition to improving the digestibility of various food components, FOS may also improve absorption of dietary calcium, iron, and other important minerals. Although many foods contain appreciable amounts of oligosaccharides, questions remain about how much is really available to your dog from food sources. Dogs don’t digest grains, fruits, and vegetables as effectively as humans or herbivores and therefore may not find full benefit from the oligosaccharides contained in the foods they eat. On the same note, diets comprised primarily of meat will be pretty much void of prebiotic oligosaccharides. This is where FOS offers a big advantage; it is carried directly to your dog’s large intestine, where it is needed. It is very sweet – much like powdered sugar – making it an easy addition to your dog’s food. Only a small pinch (50-100 mg) is needed for the job of feeding the “good guys” in your dog’s gut. Prebiotics in the form of an herbal extract formula - chicory root, burdock root, and dandelion root – can be added. All contain inulin, an oligosaccharide compound that is highly soluble and easily extracted into hot water. A properly made liquid tincture of any of these herbs will contain appreciable amounts of inulin in a form your dog can fully utilize. Herbs offer a distinct advantage over isolated sources of FOS in that they provide much more than just prebiotic support. Chicory, burdock, and dandelion are all known by herbalists for their antioxidant properties and their abilities to strengthen various functions of the liver and gall bladder. This in turn helps to improve digestion and aid in removal of systemic waste. fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin have been used in animal feeds and supplements for many years. They are considered safe, but overfeeding may cause flatulence and bloating – the effects of intestinal fermentation. This can usually be prevented by feeding only small amounts (e.g., one-half the recommended dose) for a few weeks until your dog’s digestive tract adjusts. Inulin has a minimal impact on blood sugar and does not raise triglycerides, making it suitable for diabetics and potentially helpful in managing blood sugar-related illnesses. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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What it's in: Xylitol is a common sugar-substitute used in
sugar-free chewing gum, breath mints, candies, and baked goods. It’s
also found in some smoking-cessation products like nicotine gum. Xylitol
can be purchased in bulk for cooking at home, and because of its dental
plaque fighting properties, nontoxic amounts can be found in some pet
oral-care products.
The average piece of chewing gum or breath mint contains between 0.22 to
1.0 gram of xylitol. Thus, a 10-pound dog would only have to eat one
piece of gum to achieve a potentially toxic dose. The amount of xylitol
typically found in most pet oral-care products is very small and, when
used properly, these products aren’t expected to cause poisoning unless
a dog ingests a very large amount. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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reader's question - aural hematoma
Q: I have an 8 year old pit and discovered a fluid sac on the inside bottom of her ear flap. There is no redness or any other symptoms and she doesn’t seem to be bothered by it. Any idea what I might be? - Sue A: You are describing what is most likely an AURAL HEMATOMA. A hematoma is swelling created by a broken blood vessel after bleeding has occurred inside a tissue. Hematomas in the earflaps (aural hematomas) occur when head shaking breaks a blood vessel within the earflap. The earflap may partially or completely swell with blood. The swelling may be so large that the opening of the ear canal is blocked off (occluded). The extra weight of the earflap may be uncomfortable and may lead to a permanent change in the carriage of the ears. This condition is more common in dogs but can occur in cats as well. The earflap will feel fluctuant and fluid-filled, like a water balloon. The following are some commonly performed procedures to correct an aural hematoma: Aspiration involves using a syringe to remove the fluid contents from the hematoma. The problem is that a space is left behind when the fluid is removed and this space readily refills with more fluid, leading to temporary results. The benefits of the aspiration method are that it is inexpensive and relatively easy to perform, but the disadvantages are that it may introduce infection and may require multiple attempts. If the clot in the hematoma is already well organized and on its way to scarring, there may not be much fluid left to aspirate and the technique may not work at all. Usually other methods are utilized. Surgery whereby an incision is made in the earflap. The hematoma is drained of fluid and blood clots. To prevent the hematoma from refilling with fluid, multiple sutures are placed in the hematoma area. Sometimes bandages are applied post-operatively, sometimes not. Sutures are generally left in place for 3 weeks to allow good scarring to take place so that refilling will not occur. The earflap is essentially quilted to close any space where fluid might refill. A teat cannula can be placed in a dog’s aural hematoma if the earflap is large enough to accommodate the device. The hematoma is drained of fluids and allowed to heal over the next several weeks. This method is generally successful but does involve the dog tolerating a gadget inserted in its earflap for several weeks. If left alone, an ear hematoma will resolve by itself. The fluid will be re-absorbed back into the body and the earflap will no longer bulge. The problem is that a lot of scarring is associated with this process and the ear is often not cosmetically appealing afterwards (it becomes a cauliflower ear). Resolution of a large hematoma can take several months during which it may be uncomfortable for the pet. If the patient is a poor anesthetic risk, it is certainly reasonable to forgo surgery. Usually there is a reason why a dog has been shaking his/her head: an ear infection. This means that the ear infection must be treated along with the hematoma. The ear will need cleaning, microscopic examination of the discharge, and medication. Sometimes ear shaking just happens and there is no underlying infection but be prepared for the expense and trouble of treating an ear infection along with that of the hematoma. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Giardiasis is the intestinal disease caused by the parasite Giardia canis. Giardiasis usually affects dogs, particularly puppies, but can occur in cats. In North America, it’s fairly common in people too. It's not so much that it is passed directly from animals to humans, but that both come into contact with the same contaminated water source which typically is tap water from a contaminated lake or stream. Many dogs pick it up from puddles at the dog park. Infection is more common in kennel situations where animals are housed in groups. The majority of the parasite’s life cycle is spent in the intestines of its unwitting host. After infection, it takes 5 to 12 days in dogs or 5 to 16 days in cats for Giardia to be found in the host’s stool. The parasite forms a hard cyst that gets passed in feces and is thus spread into the environment. Because cysts can stick to the fur of the infected patient and be a source for re-infection, the positive animal should receive a bath at least once in the course of treatment. Diarrhea, severe or mild, is most common sign of giardiasis. The diarrhea can be either intermittent or chronic. A rancid odor to the feces is often noticed. Usually the diarrhea goes away on its own and the pet is fine, but some severe cases can cause weight loss and general lethargy. Most pets don’t become seriously ill because of Giardia, so the prognosis is almost always good. However, if a pet has some underlying disease, particularly one that compromises the immune system, giardiasis can cause a more serious infection. However, even these animals typically recover with slightly more intensive treatment. Not all patients with Giardia actually have diarrhea but because Giardia is the most common intestinal parasite affecting humans in North America, treatment is generally recommended for the pet testing positive even if no symptoms are being shown. The idea is to reduce human exposure. If an infected animal is in the home, it is important for the animal to be bathed at the completion of treatment and retested to minimize the potential for reinfection of the pet and of the humans in the house. Good hygiene, such as washing one's hands after handling the infected pet or its waste and prompt disposal of feces, is especially important in this situation. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Part II - WHAT CAUSES A HEART MURMUR?
The short answer to this question is “turbulent blood flow.” Like the water in a calm river or stream, blood flowing normally flows through the heart with laminar flow – that is, it is smooth and undisturbed. And like a river or stream, narrowing or other causes of more rapid flow will disrupt this smooth laminar flow. In a river the turbulent rapids emit sounds much louder and less tranquil than the calmer sections of river. In the heart we hear this turbulence as a murmur. There are lots of things that can cause turbulent flow. A dog or cat’s heart has four chambers – two atria and two ventricles (one of each on each side). Blood initially enters the heart in the right atrium. The blood then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle which pumps the blood through the pulmonic valve into the lungs to pick up oxygen (among other things). The oxygenated blood then enters the left atrium. Blood in the left atrium passes through the mitral valve to reach the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body. The purpose of each of the valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic) is to keep the blood flowing forward, not backward, through the circuit described above (RA->RV-> lung > LA>LV>body). If a valve malfunctions (e.g., it doesn’t open or close properly), it can disturb blood flowing through it enough to create turbulence and the result is that your veterinarian will hear a murmur. The most common murmurs in dogs are associated with leaky mitral valves. In other cases, the turbulence develops because there is a “hole in the heart” between two chambers or two arteries that are not normally connected. Another cause is a narrowing (stenosis) within a chamber or vessel through which the blood has to “squeeze” through, like water through a pinched hose. Finally, turbulence can be heard when the blood is too “thin” (anemia) or even when a patient is very excited causing the heart to pump faster and harder than normal. ~ ~ ~ ~ Next month we will distinguish between the types of murmurs heard on auscultation. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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A heart murmur is one of several types of abnormal sounds your veterinarian can hear when listening to your pet’s heart with a stethoscope. Normally, two distinct sounds are heard when listening to the heart of a normal dog or cat. These are often described as lub and dub. When listening with a stethoscope one hears, lub-dub...lub-dub...lub-dub. A murmur is an abnormal extra sound which can sometimes drown out the normal sounds. Murmurs most commonly occur between the lub and the dub and have a shooshing or whooshing quality. Hearing a heart murmur during a routine physical examination will often be the first hint that your pet has heart disease. Hearing a murmur is only a hint that something is wrong, a clinical sign, not a final diagnosis. Hearing a murmur is reason to consider more discussion and tests to determine the cause of the murmur (the diagnosis). Knowing the diagnosis and severity of the cause of the murmur allows your veterinarian (or a cardiologist they consult) to provide you with an educated guess (prognosis) regarding how this heart problem may affect your pet in the future. Hearing a murmur is not a reason to panic. Many dogs and cats with murmurs live normal lives and never need any treatment for heart disease. But the only way to know for certain is to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause and severity of the cause of the murmur. Next month: What causes a Heart Murmur ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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PUPPY KINDERGARTEN
Elbow dysplasia is the most common cause of front limb lameness in the young dog, especially of the larger Good basic handling and training prevent most problems from turning into serious issues as the dog matures. We all want to enjoy our puppies and have them grow into safe dogs that spend long and happy lives in our homes. Puppy kindergarten is a great start to making this happen. Your puppy needs this learning environment during critical development stages. If socialization during these stages is missed, some puppies will never be as successful as they could otherwise have been at fitting into your home. Sadly, when a dog can’t function safely with humans, it can ultimately mean a lost home and a lost life. When Is Your Puppy Ready? - Puppies mature at different rates, but classes typically try to get the pups into class prior to 6 months of age. heading off a lot of potential behavior problems. Consult your veterinarian about the best timing for your puppy to take classes. This will depend on the pup’s health and immune status as well as what illnesses are going around. Discuss when to start your pup in class with the instructor, too. Goals and Benefits of Puppy Kindergarten - Several things can be accomplished through puppy kindergarten classes, especially if you keep these objectives in mind: 1. Your pup can begin a lifelong love of going to dog events and gatherings that include other well-behaved dogs. 2. A good class is an opportunity for a weekly outing with your puppy with the supervision of a skilled instructor to help you. 3. Your puppy can gain a love of learning new things that will last for life. It’s amazing what dogs can learn, once they know how to learn and have the confidence that they can do it. 4. You and your puppy develop a working relationship that enables you to safely take the puppy out for other social experiences and continued training. 5. A puppy that might otherwise have grown up fearful and defensive can gain confidence and overcome early problems with people and other dogs. When your puppy is still little and cute, certain lessons are easily taught that would require much more work if delayed. Puppy kindergarten is enormously helpful to humans and dogs, and provides about the best entertainment possible. For a small fee you get to participate in something that is mentally, emotionally, and physically healthy for you and your dog. Seeing the other puppies and sharing the experience with the other puppy-loving humans adds to the fun. Be sure to take the opportunity to do this with and for your puppy.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Elbow dysplasia is the most common cause of front limb lameness in the young dog, especially of the larger breeds. Dysplasia comes from the Greek dys, (abnormal) and plassein (to form). Thus, dysplasia refers to abnormal development, in this case of the elbow joint. The elbow is formed from the meeting of three bones: the humerus, which is the boney support of the upper limb from the shoulder to the elbow; the ulna, which runs from the elbow to the paw along the back of the limb; and the radius, which supports the major weight-bearing along the front of the lower limb. All three of these bones need to grow and develop normally and at the same rate such that they fit perfectly at the elbow. If there are any abnormalities along these lines or if the cartilage lining the elbow joint does not form properly then “dysplasia” or abnormal formation is the result. Elbow dysplasia can take several different forms. Specifically, ununited anconeal process (UAP), fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP), osteochondritis dessicans of the medial humeral condyle (OCD), ununited medial epicondyle (UME), and elbow incongruity all qualify as types of elbow dysplasia that can be present individually or in combination. While all of the variations are distinct and probably develop in different ways, they have in common that they produce loose pieces of bone and/or cartilage within the joint that act as irritants much as a pebble does in your shoe! All of these variations also have in common that they are primary problems that invariably lead to the secondary development of arthritis within the elbow. The term “arthritis” simply describes inflammation within a joint. The longer an elbow joint is ill-fitting or irregular, the more arthritis forms. While traumatic episodes may affect the development of the elbow joint, the vast majority of elbow dysplasia cases are genetic in origin. The first sign of a problem is a mild to moderate front limb lameness in a young dog between the ages of 4 to 10 months. If the problem is not diagnosed at this stage, more marked lameness may be noted as severe arthritis sets in. The use of an arthroscope provides the preferred means of diagnosis and treatment for many cases of elbow dysplasia. Some cases may be managed with open joint surgery and still others may do well with medications alone such as anti-inflammatories. Early surgical management of these problems provides the best chance for minimizing arthritic changes in these elbows, but it must be conceded that virtually all dysplastic elbows will develop some degree of arthritis. Older dogs, where arthritis is well established, may still benefit to some degree from arthroscopic surgery but the benefits are less predictable. The newest generation of canine anti-inflammatory drugs along with chondroprotectives such as glucosamine and diets high in omega-3 fatty acids can also provide some relief. Elbow replacement is an exciting new treatment that has been developed in the last couple of years and, although not widely available, holds great promise for the future.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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Demodectic mange is caused by a microscopic mite of the Demodex genus. All dogs raised normally by their mothers possess this mite as mites are transferred from mother to pup through cuddling during the first few days of life. Most dogs live in harmony with their mites, never suffering any consequences from being parasitized. However, if conditions change to upset the natural equilibrium, such as some kind of suppression of the dog's immune system, the Demodex mites may gain the upper hand. The mites proliferate and can cause serious skin disease. Demodectic mange (unlike saccoptic mange) is not considered a contagious disease and isolation of affected dogs is generally not considered necessary. While there are still assorted theories about dog to dog transmission of Demodex mites, there is no question that mites cannot be transmitted to humans or to cats. w Mites live inside hair follicles -- a difficult place for miticides (chemicals that kill mites) to reach. w Mites are normal residents of dog skin; it is only in some individual dogs that mites cause problems. Treatment is not necessary or recommended for localized demodicosis but there are treatment options for people who simply cannot feel right about doing nothing. Goodwinol ointment, an insecticide, may be used daily to control localized demodicosis. Antibacterial gels are also used against localized demodicosis and associated skin infections. Resolution of a localized demodicosis lesion should be at least partially apparent after one month although total resolution can take up to three months. Approximately 10% of localized demodicosis cases will progress to generalized demodicosis. Enlarged lymph nodes are a bad sign, often foretelling generalized mange. It is important that dogs with a history of generalized demodectic mange not be bred as there is a hereditary component to the development of the disease. The treatment of demodicosis only in part relies on medications; some basic steps can be taken with regard to pet care to maximize the chance of success. Physiological stress is an important factor determining the degree of severity of demodectic mange. Current Treatment of Choice – Ivermectin. Ivermectin is a broad spectrum anti-parasite medication with a number of uses though its use in treating demodicosis is not approved by the FDA. Ivermectin is inexpensive relative to milbemycin and involves no labor intensive bathing. It does, however, taste terrible if given orally. This medication cannot be assumed safe for use in Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, Old English Sheepdogs and any herding breed. Traditional Treatment -- Amitraz (Mitaban) Dips. Unless the animal is largely bald or has a short coat, complete clipping will be required for maximal contact with the dip. Dip should be preceded by a benzoyl peroxide bath to help clear up skin infections and open the hair follicles so the dip can penetrate to the mites. Shampoo must stay on the pet at least 10 minutes before rinsing. The younger the dog, the better the chance of cure is. Most dogs less than one year and a half years of age recovery completely from generalized demodicosis. In many cases of adult-onset demodicosis, the disease is controlled with treatment but cure is not always possible. Some cases can never be controlled. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |
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In May 2009, the USDA approved the licensure of the first vaccine for canine influenza. This vaccine was developed by the Intervet / Schering Plough Animal Health Corporation and contains an inactivated whole virus. The canine influenza vaccine is intended as an aid in the control of disease associated with the virus. Although the vaccine may not prevent infection altogether, efficacy trials have shown that it may significantly reduce the severity and duration of clinical illness. Furthermore, the vaccine reduces the amount of virus shed and shortens the spreading period, this reducing spread of disease between dogs. Currently Washington State is not considered endemic for canine influenza virus according to Dr. Edward J. Dubavi at Cornell University. Outbreak of this virus was first recorded in Florida 2004 and outbreaks have occurred around greyhound race tracks in several states. Current areas considered endemic for canine influenza include Florida (although confirmed cases have dropped considerably), Colorado, New York City region, Virginia, and emerging areas of Pittsburgh PA) and Lexington (KY). Sporadic seropositive dogs have been found in many states in the nation, including Washington State. The canine influenza vaccine is a non-core vaccine recommended for the protection of dogs at risk for exposure to the virus, i.e., those that participate in activities with other dogs and/or are housed in communal facilities in areas that have a high prevalence for virus. The need for vaccination should be based on travel considerations and/or activities of the dog that will increase risk of exposure to canine influenza virus. A Canine Influenza Backgrounder can be found at the American Veterinary Medical Association website, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@hotmail.com |